Is delta 8 bad for your heart - The short answer is yes, Delta-8 can have an effect on your pulse, or heart rate. In fact, one of the most common adverse effects of taking Delta-8 is an increased heart rate, for some people. This effect is caused by the fact that Delta-8 interacts with the body's endocannabinoid system , which regulates many different bodily functions.

 
Apr 29, 2022 · People who use marijuana have an increased risk of heart disease and heart attack, according to a large study led by researchers at Stanford Medicine. The study also showed that the psychoactive component of the drug, known as THC, causes inflammation in endothelial cells that line the interior of blood vessels, as well as atherosclerosis in laboratory mice. . Lich

Using marijuana every day can raise a person’s risk of coronary artery disease, or CAD, by a third compared with those who never partake, a new study found. Weed is not good for your heart ...Some of the side effects associated with delta-8 include: Dry mouth. Vomiting. Trouble standing.Delta-8 THC, however, is a compound extremely similar to delta-9 THC that is legal in places where delta-9 isn’t. Due to the legal status of Delta-8, many young people and drug users alike believe the compound isn’t addictive and is safe to use. Unfortunately, this may not be the case. Like any mood or mind-altering substance, delta-8 THC ...Here are 7 facts about Delta 9 THC gummies: 1. Delta 9 THC Gummies Are Edible Cannabis Products. Delta 9 THC gummies are an edible form of cannabis that is made with a gelatin base. The gummies are typically infused with high levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana. Oct 23, 2020 · The difference between Delta-9-THC (the THC most people are familiar with) and Delta-8-THC is small. There's a double carbon bond on the eighth carbon in the chain that makes up the compound, as ... Apr 30, 2021 · Marijuana use, and specifically THC, can affect the heart in dangerous ways. THC turns on the sympathetic nervous system. This is your “fight or flight” response. When this happens, it can: Elevate your heart rate. Raise your blood pressure. Increase the amount of oxygen that your heart needs. If the problem continues with Micro-dosing, stop Delta-8 immediately and consult your doctor. Delta-8 can lower your heart rate. We’ve mentioned before that Delta-8 THC activates cannabinoid receptors throughout the body and also can increase blood flow, but it can also lower your heart rate, making you feel light-headed or dizzy!Delta8 and heart racing and panic. Apparently it has been deemed for delta 8 to help with anxiety and panic but the side effects of d8 include fast heart rate and increase in anxiety for many so wouldn’t it be not that great for people who suffer with anxiety and panic since the side effects of it can trigger it and make it worse? This thread ... With delta-8, I popped a few of those bad boys and locked into Google Docs for four straight hours. Ernest Hemingway could never. So yes, based on personal experience alone, I’d say that delta-8 ...Oct 12, 2020 · Delta 8-THC could stimulate your appetite. It could also protect brain cells thanks to its neuroprotective effects. Researchers also found that Delta 8-THC “exhibits a lower psychotropic potency” than Delta 9-THC. It still gets you high, but you don’t get as high as you normally would taking the same amount of THC. Mar 3, 2023 · Delta-8 is also a psychoactive compound that offers a similar euphoric high. Some studies suggest delta-8 may assist with a few medical conditions like: Anxiety. Chronic pain. Stress. Depression. Sep 22, 2022 · Not your grandma's weed: Why potency limits must be part of any push to legalize cannabis. The FDA has issued warnings about the “serious health risks” of delta-8, citing concerns about the ... Some other adverse effects caused by delta-8 may include lethargy, uncoordinated movements, decreased psychomotor activity, slurred speech, increased heart rate progressing to slowed heart rate, low blood pressure, difficulty breathing, sedation and coma, according to the CDC. Since the natural amount of delta-8 in hemp is very low, chemicals ...In contrast to the tachycardia and unchanged or increased blood pressure seen after single doses, prolonged delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) ingestion produced significant heart rate slowing and blood pressure lowering in hospitalized volunteers. Impaired circulatory responses to standing, exercise, Valsalva maneuver, and cold pressor testing ...Here are 7 facts about Delta 9 THC gummies: 1. Delta 9 THC Gummies Are Edible Cannabis Products. Delta 9 THC gummies are an edible form of cannabis that is made with a gelatin base. The gummies are typically infused with high levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana.THC-containing products stimulate the heart as well as promote vascular inflammation and oxidative stress. This may lead to elevated blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms, and overall higher risk ...Delta 8 is one of those strains with an interesting history: as early as 1994 researchers were doing experiments with mice using delta eight in place of traditional THC without causing psychoactive effects like paranoia or anxiety; however, it wasn’t until much later when scientists discovered why this happened and how they could replicate it. This is the main form of THC abundant in all marijuana strains. Delta 9 THC has a double-bond on the ninth carbon in the central ring structure of the molecule. This version of THC is used as the baseline for measuring the effects and potency of THC. It’s about two times stronger than delta 8 and delta 10 THC and about four times stronger ...Adverse events included, but were not limited to: hallucinations, vomiting, tremor, anxiety, dizziness, confusion, and loss of consciousness. National poison control centers received 2,362 exposure...Jun 3, 2023 · Instead, Delta 8 keeps your mind clear and sharp with a much gentler high. Many people report feeling more productive and at ease after taking Delta 8. Delta 8 is also much slower and more subtle than Delta 9. It takes a while to kick in, so it eases you into the experience better than its more potent counterpart. Sep 28, 2022 · Delta 8, delta 9, and delta 10 are different THC forms. All three chemicals can make you feel intoxicated (in other words, high). A 2022 study that looked at US-based internet search queries found ... Heart disease increases your risk of stroke. An ischemic stroke happens when a blood clot blocks blood flow to the brain. A blood vessel in the brain can also burst, causing a hemorrhagic stroke ...Because delta-8 is so similar to delta-9 THC, it produces some of the same side effects, like:. red eyes; dry mouth; rapid heart rate; trouble with coordination ; slowed reaction timesDelta8 is definitely associated with reducing heart rate. Probably fine if you aren't dizzy but I'm interested in following this research. Throw00away1234 • 3 yr. ago. If it reduces heart rate than of course an increased heart rate will be a withdrawal symptom. Understanding Delta-8 THC. THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) is the psychoactive compound that is found in the cannabis plant. Delta-8 THC is the chemical variation of delta-9 THC. Even though cannabis plants possess higher levels of delta-9, delta-8 is still present. What lures unbeknownst users in is the fact that this variant is a weaker strain.A Word From Verywell. While CBD is not a cure for heart failure, it may prevent further damage thanks to its anti-inflammatory properties. CBD may be helpful in reducing blood pressure, decreasing inflammation and cholesterol, and maintaining a healthy weight. Improving these factors may reduce the risk of heart failure.Adverse events included, but were not limited to: hallucinations, vomiting, tremor, anxiety, dizziness, confusion, and loss of consciousness. National poison control centers received 2,362 exposure...Oct 5, 2022 · Here are 10 habits to avoid if you’re hoping to improve your heart health. 1. Being a couch potato. Not moving enough, especially on a regular basis, is risky for your health. Inactivity has been linked to cognitive decline, more frailty and even an increased risk of death. Fortunately, almost any sort of activity that raises your heart rate ... THC temporarily lowers a person’s blood pressure, which can result in lightheadedness, dizziness, and increased heartrate. In extremely rare cases, this temporary drop can cause faintness. A person is more likely to experience low blood pressure from using delta 10 if they have not eaten.Jul 29, 2021 · Delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol, or Delta-8, is a compound found in cannabis that has become increasingly popular in the last few years. Sales of the compound in the United States increased by 144% from April 2020 to April 2021. THC is the part of the Marijuana plant that produces the “high” feelings associated with cannabis products. The bottom line. CBD is generally considered safe. But it may raise your levels of liver enzymes, which could be a sign of liver damage. In most cases, this happens with very high doses of CBD or when it’s taken with certain medications. CBD doesn’t seem to have a harmful effect on other major organs, like the kidneys or the heart.Jan 10, 2022 · 1. Folate. Insufficient folate (also referred to as folic acid or vitamin B9) can result in anemia, according to the National Institutes of Health's Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Anemia, in turn, can cause heart palpitations. Other symptoms of a folate deficiency may include: Fatigue. Palpitations —when the heart races, pounds or skips a beat — are a common side effect of marijuana and could be dangerous for someone with an existing condition. “If you sometimes feel your ...If you vape marijuana, side effects can include: impaired coordination. impaired memory. difficulties problem-solving. nausea and vomiting. increased heart rate. dependence in the long term. There ...Delta 8 is one of those strains with an interesting history: as early as 1994 researchers were doing experiments with mice using delta eight in place of traditional THC without causing psychoactive effects like paranoia or anxiety; however, it wasn’t until much later when scientists discovered why this happened and how they could replicate it.During this process, it could interfere with your medications for heart failure or other heart conditions. “CBD has known interactions with warfarin , certain statins , calcium channel blockers ... Delta-8 has been reported to be less active than delta-9; however, it has not been studied as much as the delta-9 isomer. Cannabis that has less than 0.3% total THC may be sold as “hemp,” and ...Sep 22, 2022 · Not your grandma's weed: Why potency limits must be part of any push to legalize cannabis. The FDA has issued warnings about the “serious health risks” of delta-8, citing concerns about the ... Heart disease increases your risk of stroke. An ischemic stroke happens when a blood clot blocks blood flow to the brain. A blood vessel in the brain can also burst, causing a hemorrhagic stroke ...I feel bad, I was just trying to say "hey, just letting you guys know that delta 8 is giving me heart palpitations so I can't use it anymore. If you're experiencing heart palpitations also, consider that delta 8 may be the cause." I understand, though. This is the delta 8 subreddit, so I accept that this is a controversial subject. Sep 22, 2022 · Not your grandma's weed: Why potency limits must be part of any push to legalize cannabis. The FDA has issued warnings about the “serious health risks” of delta-8, citing concerns about the ... Can edibles increase heart rate? Although the exact effects of edible cannabis are not well-studied compared to inhaled cannabis smoke, some research shows that activation of the endocannabinoid receptors may be associated with increased blood pressure and an increase in heart rate. 8. However, other research shows that activation of certain ...Jul 8, 2021 · Delta-8 THC (or Delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol) is a naturally occurring chemical compound called a cannabinoid that’s found in small traces in hemp and cannabis (marijuana) plants. Its popularity ... Mar 29, 2019 · Delta 9 has a double bond on the 9th carbon in the chain, Delta 8 on the 8th. So, what this really boils down to is that a double bond is going to have more electrons than single carbon bonds and will interact differently with the endocannabinoid system. It doesn’t seem like a big difference, but when we’re talking about subatomic particles ... 2: Research suggests vaping is bad for your heart and lungs. Nicotine is the primary agent in regular cigarettes and e-cigarettes, and it is highly addictive. It causes you to crave a smoke and suffer withdrawal symptoms if you ignore the craving. Potential Positive Effects of Delta 8 THC on Your Heart. There is evidence to suggest that cannabinoids, including Delta 8 THC, may have some beneficial effects on heart health. For example, some studies have found that cannabinoids can help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which contribute to the development of heart disease.Delta-8 THC is an analogue of delta-9 THC—a chemical with a similar structure—but it has differences as well. Like delta-9 THC, this cannabinoid binds easily to the CB1 receptor in the central nervous system. It provides an array of medicinal effects like relief from nausea, pain and anxiety, as well as neuroprotection for the aging brain.Here are 7 facts about Delta 9 THC gummies: 1. Delta 9 THC Gummies Are Edible Cannabis Products. Delta 9 THC gummies are an edible form of cannabis that is made with a gelatin base. The gummies are typically infused with high levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana.The most significant difference between Delta 8 and Delta 10 is that Delta 8 is more potent than Delta 10. Delta 8 has a higher concentration of cannabinoids, making it much stronger. Delta 8 ...Jun 9, 2021 · A report issued June 2 by the U.S. Cannabis Council, a national trade group representing state-licensed cannabis companies and legalization advocates, described the boom in unregulated delta-8... Oct 25, 2022 · If the problem continues with Micro-dosing, stop Delta-8 immediately and consult your doctor. Delta-8 can lower your heart rate. We’ve mentioned before that Delta-8 THC activates cannabinoid receptors throughout the body and also can increase blood flow, but it can also lower your heart rate, making you feel light-headed or dizzy! Delta8 is definitely associated with reducing heart rate. Probably fine if you aren't dizzy but I'm interested in following this research. Throw00away1234 • 3 yr. ago. If it reduces heart rate than of course an increased heart rate will be a withdrawal symptom.Dry eyes are another potential side effect of delta 8, again being temporary and lasting only as long as the cannabinoid is active in the body. This can leave the eyes looking red, and in rarer cases cause discomfort due to the lack of moisture. Moisturizing eye drops can remedy this side effect in most cases.I can second this. I take 60mg IR Dextroamphetamine a day. I have NEVER had a blood pressure/heart rate issue with D8.Please bring this up with your doctor, and ask for some EKG and Cardiovascular testing. If I drink Coffee, I do so very carefully because that can upset my circulatory system. You may have an undiagnosed heart and/or vascular ... The effects of the stereochemically pure psychoactive cannabinoid (-)-11-OH-delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol-dimethylheptyl (HU-210) on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were determined in rats. In pentobarbital-anesthetized animals, the compound produced dose-related, long-lasting hypotension and bradycardia at doses between 10 and 1,000 ... Delta 8, delta 9, and delta 10 are different THC forms. All three chemicals can make you feel intoxicated (in other words, high). A 2022 study that looked at US-based internet search queries found ...However, if you have consumed too much Delta-8, you could potentially experience the following adverse effects: Trouble Concentrating: Delta-8 has a rep for helping users focus. If you’re having trouble concentrating, you may have taken too much. Too Much of a Head or Body High: If you feel couch-locked or like you have too intense of a head ...Apr 11, 2022 · However, if you are someone with an existing heart condition, you will want to take extra precaution when experimenting with cannabis edibles. If you do begin to feel your heart racing during cannabis consumption, slow or pause your consumption , drink plenty of water, and sit in a calm quiet place if possible to regain control of your ... Is delta-8 legal? Delta-8 is legal under federal law, but some states have banned its sale or use. It’s important to check your local laws before using delta-8. What are the potential risks of delta-8? While research on delta-8 is limited, some studies suggest that it may increase heart rate and blood pressure, which can put additional strain ...Delta8 is definitely associated with reducing heart rate. Probably fine if you aren't dizzy but I'm interested in following this research. Throw00away1234 • 3 yr. ago. If it reduces heart rate than of course an increased heart rate will be a withdrawal symptom. Feb 25, 2023 · Using marijuana every day can raise a person’s risk of coronary artery disease, or CAD, by a third compared with those who never partake, a new study found. Weed is not good for your heart ... CBD shops here just started selling delta 8 recently, so I picked up a bag of edibles last week. The saleswoman told me how relaxing they are and that you don't get the bad effects of regular weed, blah blah blah. I decided to try my first delta 8 gummy last night, thinking they were 10 mg a piece. About 45 minutes after eating one, I started ... Delta 8, delta 9, and delta 10 are different THC forms. All three chemicals can make you feel intoxicated (in other words, high). A 2022 study that looked at US-based internet search queries found ...Mar 10, 2021 · The Poison Center says Delta-8-THC gummies should not be confused with CBD gummies or other CBD or hemp containing products. Delta-8-THC is currently legal, but can have harmful reactions if more ... Dec 10, 2020 · Dry eyes are another potential side effect of delta 8, again being temporary and lasting only as long as the cannabinoid is active in the body. This can leave the eyes looking red, and in rarer cases cause discomfort due to the lack of moisture. Moisturizing eye drops can remedy this side effect in most cases. Story Highlights: THC can increase heart rate by 20-50 beats per minute. This increase occurs in order to compensate for the reduction in blood pressure caused by THC. Low doses of THC appear to ...Jan 20, 2020 · Palpitations —when the heart races, pounds or skips a beat — are a common side effect of marijuana and could be dangerous for someone with an existing condition. “If you sometimes feel your ... The effects of the stereochemically pure psychoactive cannabinoid (-)-11-OH-delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol-dimethylheptyl (HU-210) on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were determined in rats. In pentobarbital-anesthetized animals, the compound produced dose-related, long-lasting hypotension and bradycardia at doses between 10 and 1,000 ... Yea facts if your only way to access any type of carts is thru some shady bm brands its better to just smoke weed , some people r just lazy and would rather sit and smoke a cart though no matter whats in it just so they dont have to go thru the process of actually smoking, liking delta 8 is fine as well you just gotta find a good brand not from a gas station lolSuperj89. NSFW. First experience with Delta 8 was horrible. Open to others thoughts/advice. To start off, I haven't smoked weed in over a decade. The past few months, I've used CBD gummies to try to curb back pain (herniated disc) but all it really does is make me sleepy. Also I got covid near the end of last year, and had horrible panic ... However, if you are someone with an existing heart condition, you will want to take extra precaution when experimenting with cannabis edibles. If you do begin to feel your heart racing during cannabis consumption, slow or pause your consumption , drink plenty of water, and sit in a calm quiet place if possible to regain control of your ...Some other adverse effects caused by delta-8 may include lethargy, uncoordinated movements, decreased psychomotor activity, slurred speech, increased heart rate progressing to slowed heart rate, low blood pressure, difficulty breathing, sedation and coma, according to the CDC. Since the natural amount of delta-8 in hemp is very low, chemicals ...The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is warning the public that cannabis products containing delta-8 THC can pose serious health risks to consumers. The public notice, issued Wednesday, May 4, was prompted by adverse event reports received by the FDA and national poison control centers over a 15-month period. Products containing delta-8 THC, a ...While research on delta-8 is limited, some studies suggest that it may increase heart rate and blood pressure, which can put additional strain on the heart. This can be particularly concerning for individuals with pre-existing heart conditions or those at risk for heart disease.Jun 2, 2023 · Nausea & Vomiting. Delta 8 can cause nausea and vomiting, just like delta-nine THC. This effect is caused by the activation of the same brain areas that are responsible for regulating nausea and vomiting. If you're already prone to nausea definitely start with a very small dose and see how you react. 11. A report issued June 2 by the U.S. Cannabis Council, a national trade group representing state-licensed cannabis companies and legalization advocates, described the boom in unregulated delta-8...Marijuana also relaxes your blood vessels, which lowers your blood pressure.Srivatsa says this can kick off a response from your heart that's bad news for AFib. When your blood pressure goes down ...Jun 2, 2023 · Nausea & Vomiting. Delta 8 can cause nausea and vomiting, just like delta-nine THC. This effect is caused by the activation of the same brain areas that are responsible for regulating nausea and vomiting. If you're already prone to nausea definitely start with a very small dose and see how you react. 11. Apr 29, 2022 · People who use marijuana have an increased risk of heart disease and heart attack, according to a large study led by researchers at Stanford Medicine. The study also showed that the psychoactive component of the drug, known as THC, causes inflammation in endothelial cells that line the interior of blood vessels, as well as atherosclerosis in laboratory mice. Oct 12, 2020 · Delta 8-THC could stimulate your appetite. It could also protect brain cells thanks to its neuroprotective effects. Researchers also found that Delta 8-THC “exhibits a lower psychotropic potency” than Delta 9-THC. It still gets you high, but you don’t get as high as you normally would taking the same amount of THC. The candy in question allegedly contained Delta-8, a fairly new player in the cannabis world. Often marketed as a legal way to get high, Delta-8 is a cannabis compound that can be sold even in ...Potential Positive Effects of Delta 8 THC on Your Heart. There is evidence to suggest that cannabinoids, including Delta 8 THC, may have some beneficial effects on heart health. For example, some studies have found that cannabinoids can help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which contribute to the development of heart disease.It’s important to keep delta-8 products out of the reach of children and pets. “Delta-8 products can cause severe side effects such as paranoia, hallucinations, vomiting (very common), tremor, anxiety, dizziness, confusion, loss of consciousness and tachycardia,” said Dr. David Taylor, chief medical officer and emergency medicine ...Mar 10, 2021 · The Poison Center says Delta-8-THC gummies should not be confused with CBD gummies or other CBD or hemp containing products. Delta-8-THC is currently legal, but can have harmful reactions if more ... Is delta-8 legal? Delta-8 is legal under federal law, but some states have banned its sale or use. It’s important to check your local laws before using delta-8. What are the potential risks of delta-8? While research on delta-8 is limited, some studies suggest that it may increase heart rate and blood pressure, which can put additional strain ...

Potential Positive Effects of Delta 8 THC on Your Heart. There is evidence to suggest that cannabinoids, including Delta 8 THC, may have some beneficial effects on heart health. For example, some studies have found that cannabinoids can help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which contribute to the development of heart disease.. My fatherpercent27s dragon reading level

is delta 8 bad for your heart

concentrated delta-8 THC are also available online. Delta-8 THC products are sometimes marketed as “weed light” or “diet weed.” The health effects of delta-8 THC have not yet been researched extensively and are not well-understood. However, delta-8 THC is psychoactive and may have similar risks of impairment as delta-9 THC.4 AsDelta 9 has a double bond on the 9th carbon in the chain, Delta 8 on the 8th. So, what this really boils down to is that a double bond is going to have more electrons than single carbon bonds and will interact differently with the endocannabinoid system. It doesn’t seem like a big difference, but when we’re talking about subatomic particles ...Jun 2, 2023 · Nausea & Vomiting. Delta 8 can cause nausea and vomiting, just like delta-nine THC. This effect is caused by the activation of the same brain areas that are responsible for regulating nausea and vomiting. If you're already prone to nausea definitely start with a very small dose and see how you react. 11. THC temporarily lowers a person’s blood pressure, which can result in lightheadedness, dizziness, and increased heartrate. In extremely rare cases, this temporary drop can cause faintness. A person is more likely to experience low blood pressure from using delta 10 if they have not eaten.Nov 17, 2021 · Luckily, the answer is yes, you can use Delta-8-THC daily if needed, but there are some drawbacks. Here's what you need to know in order to decide if the benefits outweigh the risks for you: Table of Contents. Benefits of Delta-8-THC for Daily Use. Side Effects of Using Delta-8 Daily. Delta-8 THC (or Delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol) is a naturally occurring chemical compound called a cannabinoid that’s found in small traces in hemp and cannabis (marijuana) plants. Its popularity ...Nov 29, 2021 · Here are some more tips for what to do if you get too high: 1. STAY HYDRATED. First things first: if you’re wondering what to do if you get too high, drink some water. It’s the first step to getting not-so-high. 2. KEEP CALM AND TRY TO REST. Sure, this might be easier said than done. but try to relax. After all, with Delta-8’s potential to resolve pain, manage nausea, and improve sleep, it poses a great benefit to anyone looking to manage these discomforts, especially those battling various chronic illnesses where THC therapy is useful. Luckily, the answer is yes, you can use Delta-8-THC daily if needed, but there are some drawbacks.Research has shown that an active ingredient in marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), effectively reduces nausea and vomiting in people undergoing chemotherapy. Pain. Marijuana use might reduce the intensity of shooting or burning pain often due to nerve damage (neuropathic pain) caused by HIV, diabetes and other conditions. Seizures.This is the main form of THC abundant in all marijuana strains. Delta 9 THC has a double-bond on the ninth carbon in the central ring structure of the molecule. This version of THC is used as the baseline for measuring the effects and potency of THC. It’s about two times stronger than delta 8 and delta 10 THC and about four times stronger ...Palpitations —when the heart races, pounds or skips a beat — are a common side effect of marijuana and could be dangerous for someone with an existing condition. “If you sometimes feel your ...Best. I-Dine-With-H-Tine • 1 yr. ago. It’s, “not safe,” because it’s unregulated. Most companies don’t provide testing for the batches they use. And if they do use testing it’s usually only for potency and not heavy metals or chemicals left over from the process of creating D8. Feb 25, 2023 · Using marijuana every day can raise a person’s risk of coronary artery disease, or CAD, by a third compared with those who never partake, a new study found. Weed is not good for your heart ... Findings show that delta-8 usage may actually lower BP, which is also a common effect of delta-9 THC. Therefore, regular use of delta-8 THC may be able to sustain healthier blood pressure levels if it was abnormal before the consumption. Furthermore, many users report that delta 8 helps them feel calmer, and as we have established earlier, high ....

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